Go Long: Retirement Plans for Pro Athletes
Workplace Retirement Plans for Pro Athletes
You might not think pro athletes earning millions would have to worry about the risk of outliving their retirement savings. But when you consider their retirement could conceivably stretch 50 years or more, that risk isn't so far-fetched.
Even with the most popular major sports leagues offering such benefits as pensions and 401(k) plans with employer matches, an athlete's relatively short career could make it hard to save adequately using those plans alone.
"They're not going to be able to put away in qualified retirement plans enough money to live on," says Andre Mirkine, president of the Sports Financial Advisors Association. (Qualified plans refer to those with tax advantages.)
"Then it's incumbent upon the advisers who advise them to try to convince them to save," he adds.
Sometimes, former athletes run out of retirement savings chasing after wild investment deals, says Pete D'Arruda, a Cary, N.C., financial planner who frequently advises athletes.
"Many athletes take a lot more risk than they should after their playing careers," D'Arruda says.
Players in these seven sports organizations, at least, have a formal employer-provided benefit plan to get them started. But data from players unions and collective bargaining agreements show that, when it comes to retirement security, the playing field is decidedly uneven.
Retirement Benefits: Major League Baseball
Baseball was the first U.S. pro sport to have a pension plan, starting in 1947. Today, players become eligible for the minimum pension after just 43 days of service time at the major league level.
MLB pensions are reputed to be among the most generous in sports. Players accrue full pension benefits when they achieve 10 years of service time, making them eligible for $200,000 a year for life (the maximum allowed by law in 2012) at the age of 62. The pension is joint-survivor, meaning surviving spouses are entitled to some pension benefits. In addition, MLB members with four or more years of major league service time are eligible to continue their health care coverage at a cost of at least 60% of their chosen plan.
Pre-1980 players were vested in the pension only after playing at least four years. It took some 13 years of negotiating, but in April 2011, the MLB and the MLB Players Association jointly announced that at least 904 former players who were in the league for fewer than four years between 1947 and 1979 would receive annual payments of at least $625 -- up to $10,000 a year in 2012 and 2013.
The history of labor relations in baseball goes back to 1885, when a group of nine players formed the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players. A collective bargaining agreement between the union and the league would not come until 1968.
Retirement Benefits: National Hockey League
The National Hockey League initiated a pension plan in 1947, though its benefits were said to be minuscule before a series of changes that began in the late 1980s.
Today, players automatically join the National Hockey League pension plan after playing one regular season game.
The NHL switched from a defined benefit plan to a defined contribution plan in 1986. Retired NHL members who are credited with fewer than 160 games -- roughly equal to two seasons in the league -- may receive the maximum contribution under Canadian law (with contributions to the plan for U.S. club members paid in U.S. dollars), while those credited with 160 games or more can get the U.S. maximum, which is $50,000 for 2012.
NHL players are eligible for full retirement benefits at 45, while early retirement with reduced benefits is an option starting at age 35.
Drawing from an emergency assistance fund, the NHL makes additional contributions to the pension plan on behalf of certain players who retire because of injury-related disabilities. Only players credited with less than five years in the league are eligible for this aid.
Retirement Benefits: National Football League
The NFL has had a retirement pension in place since 1959. Players with at least one credited season in 1993 or after are vested after three credited seasons.
Players earn benefit credits for each season they play. The credit for each season earned between 1998 and 2011 is $470; the monthly pension is calculated as the sum of all benefit credits. So a player with five credited seasons between 1998 and 2011 would receive a monthly pension at age 55 of $2,350 for his lifetime.
In addition to the pension, a 401(k)-type plan called the NFL Player Second Career Savings Plan provides an employer match of up to $2 for every $1 contributed by the player. The maximum match is $24,000 through 2014, rising incrementally to $28,000 through 2020. Players are eligible for the 2-to-1 club matching contribution once they have earned their second credited season.
In addition, players receive contributions to the Player Annuity Program once they have earned their fourth credited season. The contribution amount for a credited season from 2011-2013 is $65,000, increasing to $80,000 for 2014-2017 and $95,000 from 2018-2020. Players may choose to receive this benefit as early as age 35 and five years out of the league as a monthly annuity or in annual installments.
Retirement: National Basketball Association
National Basketball Players Association members are eligible to participate in a defined benefit pension plan and become vested in their benefit after three years of service in the NBA. The normal retirement age under the pension plan is 50. At this age, an unmarried retiree with the minimum three years of service would receive an annual benefit of approximately $19,160, while a retiree with 10 years of service or more would collect an annual benefit of $63,866.
For players who elect to defer collection of their benefit to age 62, unmarried retirees with three years of service would receive annual benefits of $60,000, and retirees with 10 years of service or more would collect annual benefits of $200,000, the maximum allowable by law.
In addition to the pension benefit, an optional 401(k) plan provides a generous employer match.
The current collective bargaining agreement also provides that 1% of the NBA's basketball-related income be set aside to create a new post-career annuity and welfare benefits pool for players.
The agreement continues to provide a pension benefit to older NBA retirees with three or more years of NBA service.
Retirement Benefits: PGA Tour
Like a long drive shot down the middle of the fairway, the PGA Tour's retirement plan, started in 1983, is pretty straightforward. And it offers the potential for some very lucrative post-career income.
With no guaranteed benefits, the program is built mainly around financial incentives based on player performance. Annual contributions to players' accounts depend on the number of tournaments in which they make the cut.
Golfers draw from the plan at 50 if they play in fewer than 15 events. Those participating in the Champions Tour beyond age 50 start collecting funds at 60 if they continuously play a 15-event schedule.
A new twist came in 2007 with the inauguration of the FedExCup, a season-long competition in which the funding came in the form of a $35 million deferred compensation award. The FedExCup champion gets $10 million, while other participating players' rankings at the conclusion of the season-ending FedExCup playoffs determine how big a share of the remaining funds they receive.
Since 2008, the top 10 finishers in the competition get most of their bonus in cash, while the rest get rewarded only through their retirement accounts.
Retirement Benefits: Major League Soccer
Before the Major League Soccer Players Union formed in 2003, pro soccer players were represented by the NFL Players Association. The MLS implemented a retirement plan in 2004 with the signing of the first collective bargaining agreement.
The league offers an elective 401(k) plan allowing player contributions up to the Internal Revenue Service limit, which in 2012 is $17,000. Employer matches were established in 2005, amounting then to 2% of each player's base salary, up to the IRS limit. The employer match in 2012 is 3.25%, up to the IRS limit of $50,000, and it rises to 3.5% next year. All contributions vest immediately.
Retirement Benefits: Women's NBA
The Women's National Basketball Players Association was established in 1998, with the first collective bargaining agreement ratified the following year. The retirement plan has been in place since 1999.
The WNBA offers an elective 401(k), with player deferrals allowed to the IRS maximum and matching employer contributions of up to 25% of player deferrals.
In addition, for each WNBA season, employers contribute 2% of base salary to players with two years' worth of experience at the end of that season, 3% of base salary for those with three years' experience and 4% of base salary for those with four years or more.
Those salaries are nowhere near those for the NBA or other men's professional team sports. The minimum WNBA salary for 2012 is $37,260 for players with up to two years in the league and $54,000 for those who have suited up for three years or more. The maximum player salary is $105,500.