Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc (VNDA) Q4 2018 Earnings Conference Call Transcript
Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc (NASDAQ: VNDA)
Q4 2018 Earnings Conference CallFeb. 13, 2019, 4:30 p.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Vanda Pharmaceuticals Fourth Quarter 2018 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. (Operator Instructions) Later, we will conduct a question-and-answer session and instructions will follow at that time. As a reminder, today's conference is being recorded.
I'd now like to introduce your host for today's conference, Mr. Jim Kelly, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Sir, please go ahead.
James Patrick Kelly -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
All right, thank you, Liz. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us to discuss Vanda Pharmaceuticals fourth quarter and full-year 2018 performance. Our fourth quarter and full-year 2018 results were released this afternoon and are available on the SEC's EDGAR system and on our website, www.vandapharma.com.
In addition, we will be providing live and archived versions of this conference call on our website. Joining me on today's call is Dr. Mihael Polymeropoulos, our President and CEO. Following my introductory remarks, Mihael will update you on our ongoing activities. Then, I will comment on our financial results before opening the lines for your questions.
Before we proceed, I'd like to remind everyone that various statements that we make on this call will be forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. Our forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks, changes in circumstances, assumptions and uncertainties. These risks are described in the Risk Factors and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, and quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, which are available on the SEC's EDGAR system and on our website. Additional factors may be set forth in those sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 to be filed with the SEC in the first quarter of 2019.
We encourage all investors to read these reports and our other SEC filings. The information we provide on this call is provided only as today and we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements we may make on this call on account of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
With that said, I'd now like to turn the call over to our CEO, Dr. Mihael Polymeropoulos.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Jim. Good afternoon. 2018 has been a year of great accomplishments and growth for Vanda in both commercial and research and development. Before I review our achievements and share our plans for 2019, I would like to address the importance of last week's announcement and how it makes our Company stronger for our patients and shareholders.
Last week, we announced that Vanda filed a complaint against the Food and Drug Administration asking the court to set aside a partial clinical hold affecting certain proposed studies of 20%. The FDA imposed this partial clinical hold on two proposed studies. The first was a proposed 52-week open label extension period for patients who had completed the tradipitant Phase II clinical study, 2301, in gastroparesis. The second was a new follow-on 52-week open label extension protocol, 2302, for patients who had completed the 2301 study.
In imposing the partial clinical hold, the FDA stated that we had required to conduct an additional chronic toxicity study in dogs, monkeys or mini pigs before allowing patients access in any clinical protocol beyond 12 weeks. The partial clinical hold was not based on any safety or efficacy data related to tradipitant, rather the FDA informed Vanda that this additional toxicity study is required by guidance document. We do not expect the partial clinical hold to have any material impact on our ongoing clinical studies in atopic dermatitis and motion sickness or the planned Phase III study in gastroparesis.
Further, the partial clinical hold has not had any impact on the potential timing of an NDA filing or approval for these indications. We will continually reassess the situation as events unfold. Please note, drug safety is our top priority and we fully support conducting tests that are both effective and useful. As we have said, there has been great progress in technology for research in this area since the FDA first imposed this requirement. In fact technology exists today that we may be able to leverage and get real safety information that we could use instead of this chronic dog studies, especially given their poor or non-existent predictive value toward human safety.
For example, the FDA is already partnering with industry to evaluate and qualify organ-on-chip technology for toxicology testing to meet regulatory standards for products that include foods, dietary supplements and cosmetics.
While there is a place for animal studies in drug development, international consensus, including the FDA has upheld the principle that these studies should only be conducted when absolutely necessary, so that we continue to improve on the free hours reduce, refine and replace animal experimentation. As you may know, tradipitant has already been extensively studied in preclinical and clinical programs, and in all studies, it has been well tolerated by animals and humans with no significant safety findings.
In preclinical models, tradipitant has been studied in mice, rats and dogs in short-term and long-term studies. These studies include a three-month duration study of rats, a six-month duration study in rats again, and a three-month duration study in dogs. None of these studies resulted in any significant safety findings observed at low, medium or high dose exposures. In the three-month dog study, no significant safety findings were identified at any of the doses studied including in the high dose of 1500 milligrams per kilogram per day, which is more than 300 times the proposed human equivalent dose. For the three-month dog study, the absence of any significant effects included clinical, laboratory, microscopic and macroscopic observations.
Additionally, tradipitant belongs to a class of compounds known as neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist with the most well-known member being aprepitant. As seen with tradipitant, aprepitant was also shown to be well tolerated across a number of studies, acute and chronic, across different doses and across a number of species include in mice, rats, dogs and primates. Tradipitant has also been studied in number of clinical studies across diverse patient populations for durations up to three months, again, with no significant safety findings. Moreover, tradipitant was recently shown to be efficacious in a study with patients with gastroparesis, making it one of the most promising candidates for a new treatment for gastroparesis in the last 40 years.
We're also seeking to develop tradipitant for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and motion sickness. As such, tradipitant could be an important new treatment option for millions of patients. This significant body of evidence that consistently demonstrates the benign safety profile of tradipitant prompted Vanda to seek agreement with the FDA that a nine-month duration study in non-rodents recommended by guidance is not necessary to conduct. Moreover, Vanda sights (ph) with the overwhelming scientific evidence that such a chronic study in dogs is unnecessary given its poor or non-existent predictive value for human safety. The purpose of preclinical safety animal studies is to predict safety issues that may be seen in human studies before they happen.
Most of the chronic studies identify signals previously seen in shorter duration studies, and when rarely they identify new signal, it is often seen in either clinical or laboratory evaluations as well and almost never results (inaudible) in the direction of the clinical program. This lack of utility of chronic dog studies has been acknowledged by international regulatory bodies in the course of development of agricultural chemicals, leading to removal of a chronic dog study requirement from the list of required studies by the Environmental Protection Agency in the US.
While Vanda's primary goal is to use innovation in the service of people's pursuit of happiness, we're also mindful of the means by which we accomplish these goals, including animal welfare and patient autonomy and safety. We are confident that an experienced solution will be identified as solution that will make our program stronger and that establishes Vanda as a leader in the socially responsible development of pharmaceuticals.
Let me now turn to the review of 2018 and address our great accomplishments in both the commercial activities as well as our research and development efforts, as we look forward a successful 2019. Our efforts to commercialize tasimelteon for Non-24 were expanded in 2018 with the aim to create broader awareness of the disorder among psychiatrists. As it is known, Non-24 is commonly present among totally blind individuals, but it is also found with low prevalence among sighted individuals. This low prevalence of Non-24 among sighted individuals, presents a significant challenge in identifying physicians who will likely see this patients. However, Non-24 is reported to be co-morbid with certain conditions that are typically treated by psychiatrists. These include bipolar disorder, depressive disorders and traumatic brain injury.
In the fourth quarter of 2017, we launched a new initiative, HPI where our Fanapt psychiatric sales force began creating awareness for Non-24 and HETLIOZ among psychiatrists. HPI has been a productive initiative through 2018, significantly increase in demand, when monthly new scripts increasing by approximately three-fold as compared to months prior to the HPI launch.
At the same time, our targeted efforts to facilitate treatment of blind patients with Non-24 continues. This very significant increase in demand has led to continued growth of the number of patients from HETLIOZ, despite the significant hurdles that patients face with third-party payers. Vanda has strengthened the supportive patients and doctors in navigating this payer hurdles through the newly established initiative of Vanda benefits. Most payers require prior authorization before approving HETLIOZ for Non-24 and will -- while some quickly authorize payment after that, many do so until many length cycles of appeals. This lengthy and arduous process harms patients and Vanda will continue to enhance our efforts to help patients access this much needed treatment. 2019 marks our five-year anniversary since the FDA approval of HETLIOZ in 2014, and we're pleased that more and more patients with Non-24 continue to.
On Fanapt, our effort is focused on creating awareness among psychiatrists that treat patients with schizophrenia. Our sales force has been successful in stabilizing the level of scripts, which in past years experienced a small but steady decline. We are confident that as psychiatrists are becoming more familiar with Fanapt, they will expand its use in patients with schizophrenia who suites from other antipsychotic. We will continue to strengthen our marketing efforts of Fanapt in 2019 addressing both patient and physician audiences.
I will now turn to our research and development efforts and some key highlights for 2019. On Fanapt, iloperidone, we have made significant progress in the development of a one-month long-acting injectable formulation of iloperidone with a pharmacokinetic study under way. In this PK study, we're evaluating the pharmacokinetic properties of different doses of LAI formulation over a one-month period. We plan to complete the PK study in the coming months and initiate an efficacy study of LAI formulation in patients with schizophrenia later this year. We plan to also initiate an efficacy study of oral iloperidone in patients with bipolar disorder in the coming months.
On HETLIOZ, tasimelteon,we reported positive results in a number of studies of our jet lag program last year, including two efficacy studies and the results of the driving study. We successfully filed a supplemental NDA for the indication with a PDUFA date of August 16, 2019.
In anticipation of approval of HETLIOZ jet lag, we're well under way with our launch preparations to ensure broad access to the millions of travelers every year that experience jet lag. Our program will aim to address all populations that experience jet lag including frequent business travelers, as well as leisure travelers. Our commercialization approach of HETLIOZ will utilize consumer product methods in order to properly acknowledge the uniqueness of the setting of this condition.
Additionally, we also reported positive results for this Smith-Magenis clinical study getting us closer to a supplemental NDA filing. We are preparing to meet with the FDA in the near future and we hope to file a supplemental NDA in the coming months. Smith-Magenis Syndrome or SMS is a rare orphan genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 25,000 individuals in the US. Tasimelteon aims to address the most common symptom of the disorder, which is extreme sleep disturbance, which is associated with significant disruption in the lives of these patients and their families.
We have also initiated an observational study in patients with delayed sleep phase disorder who carry a mutation in the CRY1 ones gene. A mutation in the CRY1 gene has been recently described as responsible for cases of delayed sleep phase disorder or DSPD and it is estimated that given the population frequency of up to 0.8% of this CRY1 exon 11 deletion, this may be a significant contributor to the DSPD phenotype. A Phase II study in the DSPD CRY1 exon 11 deletion carriers is expected to begin later this year.
Tradipitant, in 2018, we initiated a Phase III study of tradipitant in atopic dermatitis and we reported positive results of tradipitant in a Phase II study of patients with gastroparesis. For atopic dermatitis, we're currently recruiting patients in a 500-patient Phase III study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tradipitant in an eight-week randomized period during which patients will receive tradipitant 85 milligrams twice a day or placebo in a randomized fashion.
We're evaluating a number of measures of improvement, including patient reported measures of worst itch who daily dairies, as well as objective measures that include (inaudible). At this time, we expect that this study will be completed and top line results will be reported by mid-2020.
We also have plans to initiate the second Phase III study in atopic dermatitis likely by the first quarter of 2020. For gastroparesis, we reported positive Phase II study results with success on a number of endpoints, particularly on measures of patient reported daily nausea and the measure of nausea free days. We're encouraged by these results and plan to initiate a Phase III study in the second quarter of this year in order to confirm these findings.
We will be soon planning to meet with the FDA and discuss our proposed clinical program at an end of Phase II meeting.
We have recently initiated a third indication program for tradipitant for the treatment of patients with motion sickness. This current protocol involves the induction of motion sickness by sea travel to patients with history of motion sickness. We expect completion of this Phase II study and report of results by end of the second quarter of this year. We believe that the success of tradipitant in this programs has the potential for the development of significant therapeutic solutions for patients with a series of indications.
For atopic dermatitis, tradipitant could become a systemic antipruritic agent used across a spectrum of disease severity with accompanying improvement on skin lesions. For gastroparesis, tradipitant could become the first new agent for gastroparesis over 40 years, and for motion sickness, if successful, tradipitant has the potential to address a significant unmet need for millions of people and billions of trips per year. I will now turn the call to Jim.
James Patrick Kelly -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Mihael. Before I review our financial results, I will remind listeners to refer to our fourth quarter and full year 2018 earnings press release issued this afternoon. On today's call, we will be discussing non-GAAP financial information. The press release we issued this afternoon includes a description of these non-GAAP metrics, which we believe they will provide additional insights into the financial aspects of our business and a full reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial information is available in that press release.
I will begin by summarizing the full-year 2018 results before turning to discuss the fourth quarter of 2018. Total revenue for the full-year 2018 was $193.1 million, a 17% increase compared to $165.1 million in 2017. HETLIOZ net product sales of $115.8 million were the primary contributor and driver of our 2018 revenue and saw 29% growth as compared to 2017. Fanapt product sales of $77.3 million reflect 3% growth as compared to 2017. On a non-GAAP basis during the full year 2018, Vanda recorded a non-GAAP net income of $38.4 million, compared to a non-GAAP net loss of $3.4 million for the full year 2017.
Vanda's cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities referred to as cash, as of December 31, 2018, were $257.4 million, representing an increase of $113.9 million to cash during 2018. During 2018, we grew revenues each quarter while keeping operating expenses relatively flat, which drove an increase to net income each quarter. Total revenue for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $53 million, an 8% increase compared to $49.1 million in the third quarter of 2018 and a 20% increase compared to $44.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2017.
HETLIOZ net product sales grew to $32.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2018, an 8% increase compared to $29.9 million in the third quarter of 2018 and a 30% increase compared to the $25 million in the fourth quarter of 2017. HETLIOZ patients on therapy continue to grow quarter-over-quarter. During 2018 patients on therapy grew by an average of approximately nine new patients per month. This trend of approximately nine new patients per month is expected to continue into 2019 and is the basis for the midpoint of the HETLIOZ net product sales guidance for the full year 2019.
As of December 31, 2018, the specialty pharmacy channel held less than three weeks of inventory as calculated based on trailing demand and reflects an increase in the value of channel inventory of $2 million when compared to the third quarter of 2018 and an increase of $1.1 million when compared to year-end 2017.
Fanapt net product sales of $20.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2018 reflect a 7% increase compared to $19.2 million in the third quarter of 2018 and a 7% increase compared to $19.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2017. As of December 31 2018, the wholesalers held under three weeks of inventory as calculated based on trailing demand and reflects an increase in the value of channel inventory of $400,000 (ph) when compared to the third quarter of 2018 and a decrease of $1.4 million (ph) when compared to year-end 2017.
During the fourth quarter of 2018, Vanda recorded non-GAAP net income $13.7 million as compared to non-GAAP net income of $1.4 million during the same period in 2017. For the fourth quarter of 2018, Vanda recorded non-GAAP operating expenses of $34.9 million compared to $38.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2017. The year-over-year decrease in non-GAAP operating expenses reflects a decrease in non-GAAP SG&A offset partially by an increase in non-GAAP R&D expenses. The decrease in non-GAAP SG&A was primarily driven by lower Non-24 DTC spend plus lower sales and marketing expenses across both products.
In recent quarters, we have seen an increase in non-GAAP R&D expenses. This increase was largely associated with EPIONE, the Phase III clinical study of tradipitant in atopic dermatitis, that was initiated in June 2018 and other ongoing clinical development activities for our product pipeline. We expect non-GAAP operating expenses to continue to rise as we enter 2019, driven by both R&D and commercial activities.
We entered 2019 with a growing commercial business and strong capital position to enable our continued development of tradipitant and the other important pipeline programs. Vanda expects to achieve the following financial objectives in 2019: net product sales from both HETLIOZ and Fanapt of between $215 million and $225 million; HETLIOZ net product sales of between $137 million and $143 million; Fanap net product sales of between $78 million and $82 million. Year-end cash is expected to be greater than $260 million.
With that, I'll now turn the call back to Mihael.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thank you, Jim. At this time, we will open the lines for your questions.
Questions and Answers:
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Our first question comes from the line of Chris Howerton with Jefferies. Your line is now open.
Chris Howerton -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Great. Thanks for taking the questions, and congratulations on the strong financial quarter. So I think the -- obviously, top of mind in most people is the partial clinical hold, and I understand that given that there is an ongoing lawsuit, there's probably not too much you can say, but I think with the expectation that the current proposed timelines will not be affected by this current status, when would that change if this was not resolved? So is that in the order of months or what can you tell us about the expected timelines and when the resolution has to happen to not affect your timelines?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Thank you, Chris, and thank you for pointing out the sensitivity of the existing litigation. Our intent is, over the coming weeks and months, to be able to resolve this partial clinical hold and have it lifted, and we believe there are many paths to get there, and of course, the path that is visible is the court and there are many paths that can be explored as we move over the next few weeks and couple of months.
So the intent, of course, is to get these partial clinical hold behind us and continue in an expedient way to enroll our patients and continue the studies. We know, however, that this partial clinical hold is not affecting the NDA filing of our programs at this time. And it is obvious, as we discussed timelines, that our first Phase III study in atopic dermatitis, EPIONE, which is ongoing will be expected to complete and report in mid 2020, and we expect to begin the second Phase III study likely in a staggered manner by the first quarter of 2020. As such, it is obvious that the efficacy studies now are the ones in the critical path to NDA filing and not the completion of the 12 months study for safety data. But having said that we are confident and very optimistic that soon we will be able to create a way to lift this partial clinical hold and move forward.
Chris Howerton -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Okay. Sure. And you know, in terms of moving tradipitant forward for gastroparesis and obviously some sensitivity with respect to the long-term safety studies, do you expect any impact in terms of your actions with the FDA regarding the end of Phase II meeting and coming to alignment with the pivotal trial design?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
None at all. In fact, we're moving as fast as possible to complete the clinical study report of the successful study. We're now in the final stages of preparation to start a Phase III study and preparing the dossier for the end of Phase II meeting. And I know, sometimes people may be confused when you take an adversary position, how will the FDA react. The FDA, as we know, is a very well established, respected institution with great people. And they do understand that at times, there will be challenges that in no means affect the behavior of FDA employees as they are reviewing applications and meet with companies. In fact, Vanda had a good dose of that in the past where as expected there are adversarial positions in innovative products. We experienced that with Fanapt and the position they took and we're adverse to their opinion, they corrected of course and Fanapt was approved.
And more recently on tasimelteon, there was a lot of back and forth with the FDA on endpoints and disagreements, but that did not prevent the FDA to review in a priority fashion HETLIOZ and approved HETLIOZ on the first review (ph) round. So we are very confident that this challenge which is a challenge that we believe is interesting to the FDA as a whole will not affect the gastroparesis discussions in anyway.
Chris Howerton -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Okay. That makes sense. And then, maybe just you could provide a little more color around the HETLIOZ numbers is, what can you say about the patient mix that are currently on therapy or whoever received a prescription between blinded and sighted Non-24 patients? And do you see any difference in persistence on therapy with respect to those patient populations?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Just to characterize that and I'll let Jim quantify in any way we can. It continues to be that the larger portion of patients on treatment continues to be blind patients because these are the patients historically that have come to treatment over a long period of time, but quickly sighted patients are making a significant portion of the database of patients on treatment. I don't believe we have reported exactly that mix, but I will let Jim quantify.
James Patrick Kelly -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Yes. Hi, Chris. The mix and the trends have been very consistent and they are the following that since the launch of the HPI initiative scripts written have been the majority for sighted patients with Non-24 versus the group for blind patients. That said, reimbursement has in fact been more difficult for sighted patients. When it is distilled down to eventual reimbursement and you look at the month in and month out new patient starts, you continue to see that more sighted patients than blind initiate treatment each month, and therefore the trend that you see on prescription written, which is more sighted than blind, continues through to new patient starts.
When you look at persistency, while we don't give specific persistency numbers out, we've been happy to share the following: we find that once a patient has completed adequate trial whether they are blind or sighted, we have found that these patients are highly persistent to treatment and the statistic we like to share is that the month and month persistency of our patients, irrespective of vision status, is in the high 90s (ph).
Chris Howerton -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Yes, Okay. Okay. Well, I'll go ahead and hop back in the queue. And thank you so much for answering the questions.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks.
Operator
Our next question comes from Joel Beatty with Citi. Your line is now open.
Joel Beatty -- Citi -- Analyst
Hi. Thanks for taking the questions. The first one is on the partial clinical hold and the discussion with FDA around the animal studies. Can you provide maybe a little more clarity on why at this point in time, it sounds like Vanda has done some dog studies in the past of tradipitant and there's an opportunity to dog or monkey or mini pig studies here. What is it about these studies that makes us the right time?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, first of all, to clarify that it is not a specific species that Vanda objects. Vanda objects that any nine-month chronic study given our circumstances in prior data with tradipitant is necessary. So, we believe that in nine months a chronic non-rodent study is not necessary. And that is the point of contention. In your question, why now? Because now is the time to begin collecting data toward the 12-month safety data as we discussed. And in fact, BizWiz (ph) to collect data was accelerated by patient demand; patients in our Phase II gastroparesis study and before we have unblinded the data and we understood the efficacy, which we understand now, patients had come to investigators and through investigators to us to request an open label study, so they can continue to receive the treatment that they were receiving in the double-blind study.
So, that is the origin of initiation of the open label study, and of course, now with the positive efficacy study behind us, it is very important to continue to offer an open label and at the same time collect the data toward the 12-month safety database.
Joel Beatty -- Citi -- Analyst
Okay. I appreciate that, that's helpful. Another question is about a week ago, there was a lawsuit unsealed, I believe, was originated back in 2017 or so. But we've been getting questions about at the last week. I was curious if you could comment on the status of that currently?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Right. Of course, again, I will preface this that we don't get engaged in comments with ongoing litigation. This specific qui tam lawsuit or whistle-blower lawsuit, the relator or the plaintiff is a former employee and under current law, people can file this qui tam where they can allege certain behaviors of companies, and as a result if these cases are settled, often the relators can benefit from a portion of the proceeds. In this case, this qui tam was unsealed last week, that means that he was sealed for a period of time and that's customary and during the sealed process, the United States Government, the Department of Justice evaluates the case and facts and decide whether they will join; that means, they will intervene and they're interested in the outcome of this case. In this case, the Department of Justice evaluated and we're very pleased that they decided not to intervene. Now, how this case will proceed or not, we don't know, and we have not been served with this case yet.
Joel Beatty -- Citi -- Analyst
Okay, got it. Thanks for that. And maybe one last question on tradipitant and atopic dermatitis. Can you maybe discuss the timelines for the whole program? You talked about the results that are expected for the first Phase III readout, can you discuss the importance of the second Phase III trial -- a success needed in both trials. How about the results in the first trial fact beginning enrollment in the second trial? Thanks
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Of course, and I pointed out that we estimate now that we're going to have results of the first Phase III AD study in mid-2020. And we suggested that we plan to start the second study in a staggered fashion, that means before we have the final top-line results, and of course, without knowing these results, you cannot necessarily affect the design of the second study.
We have, however, considered of potentially implementing an interim analysis by an independent party at some point during the conduct of the Phase III study. So if that is the case, that could potentially affect the design of the second Phase III study. The other part is a practical matter. It is difficult to recruit for any study including atopic dermatitis studies in a short period of time. So, you want to avoid having two studies going on all at once in the same geography. We are considering, however, beginning and implementing this programs in additional geographies and potentially Europe.
Joel Beatty -- Citi -- Analyst
Thank you. Appreciate the updates.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure.
Operator
Our next question Jason Butler with JMP Securities. Your line is now open.
Jason Butler -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Hi, thanks for taking the questions. First one, just can you tell us for HETLIOZ guidance for 2019, is there any contribution there from the jet lag indication or is it all Non-24.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Hi, Jason. This is all Non-24. There is no jet lag assumed in this guidance.
Jason Butler -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Okay. And then just following on from the questions around reimbursement dynamics for the sighted Non-24 patients, you talked about the reimbursement push back to the additional prior auth. Can you talk about what the specific prior authorization requirements are for sighted patient with Non-24?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes. The prior authorization criteria vary from to payer to payer or PBM to PBM. And in terms of the sighed, the objection is that they are sighted. And of course, this is an improper use of prior authorization criteria, because the drag is we all know is approved for Non-24 hours sleep wake disorder regardless of the state of blindness or sightedness. Unfortunately, in a very self-serving way, some, but not all payers use this criterion as a criterion of non-approval.
And we help our patients make the case and what is encouraging, when our patients continue the appeal process and eventually find themselves to the final step before a court hearing, which is an administrative law judge in different experiences we have so far, invariantly, the administrative law judge orders the payer to approve because, of course, there is no other treatment and it is seen that the prior authorization is improper. So, it is not that the pre-authorization criteria are legitimate and the patients don't meet them. The criteria beyond the sighted sometimes even with blind patients suggest items like a step therapy of other drugs and include hypnotics, include wake agents like Provigil, etcetera. We all know that it is improper and likely illegal.
Of course, there is a lot of attention these days on PBMs and very recently there is a lot of focus on this improper step therapies. So we hope that this general climate of focus on getting the PBMs to do the right thing are do the right thing for rare orphan disorders like Non-24 and the patients who sent to benefit from these drugs.
Jason Butler -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Great. Thanks. And then if I could one more on tradipitant. If you -- in the scenario where you don't resolve the clinical hold and pursue an NDA, would it be the expectation that the label would be limited to that 12 weeks of treatment. And if so, does that impact the market opportunity here, or is there a way to pursue a chronic label even with that clinical hold in place?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes. At this time, we cannot imagine a scenario where we do not resolve disease expedient for the simple reason that there are many ways to resolve it.
Jason Butler -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Okay, great. Thanks for taking the question.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Sure.
Operator
Our next question comes from Charles Duncan with Cantor Fitzgerald. Your line is now open.
Pete George Stavropoulos -- Cantor Fitzgerald -- Analyst
Hi, this is Pete Stavropoulos on for Charles Duncan. So I have a question with regards to gastroparesis and tradipitant. So from my understanding, there is an approximately 30% placebo effect when it comes to gastroparesis studies and a readout such as nausea. So this -- there may be a requirement for an extended study past 12 weeks. Is there any -- are you guys confident that within that 12 weeks and a larger multicenter Phase III that you can actually hit the endpoints within the 12 weeks or you need more time to separate placebo from active arm?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Pete. I'm not sure where this evidence comes from. There is no evidence that in gastroparesis studies you need to treat patients more than 12 weeks. In fact, the data from our study -- a four-week study and the data from the aprepitant similarly are four-week study suggests, as we did, a significant separation can be achieved in just four weeks. If anything, we started seeing a plateauing of the placebo effect, meaning that in subsequent weeks maybe six weeks, eight weeks, you will continue to see even better separation.
So it is exactly the opposite of what you suggested and therefore a study that will attempt to confirm the four-week results that we saw in the prior one is more likely to happen. And what is likely that we will do, of course, we're discussing with the FDA that is allowed the double-blind placebo portion to extend to 12 weeks, so not only we learn what happens at four weeks, but we have data that can inform doctors and patients what happens in subsequent weeks.
Pete George Stavropoulos -- Cantor Fitzgerald -- Analyst
Thank you very much for clarification.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Of course.
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Our next question comes from the line of Esther Rajavelu with Oppenheimer. Your line is now open.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Thank you. Thank you for taking my question. Can you help us understand the lower SG&A expense in 4Q relative to the rest of the year? How much of that is related to G&A versus sales and marketing, and if any of that is related to any changes in the HPI initiative?
James Patrick Kelly -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Certainly. Certainly. Esther, when we look at our -- you probably heard me mention earlier, when we look at our spend in SG&A in 2018, one of the things that occurred was that, last year we reduced a fair amount, not just in the fourth quarter but throughout the year, spend on Non-24 DTC. And that was linked to the productivity that we're having from our field force on generating new scripts in the absence of advertising.
In addition to that, you might remember that in June, we had a number of sales reps that we separated with from the Company and this was simply a decision to try to put ourselves in a better position with folks on-board to drive results in the future. The combination of those two things certainly played into the cadence of SG&A spend as we went quarter to quarter.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Got it. And then, on the guidance for HETLIOZ, it suggests a lower year-over-year growth rate in 2019 versus what you saw in 2018 and 2017. But can you help us understand some of the considerations that went into the development for the guidance range?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes, just to be clear, the growth of new patient adds is identical in 2019 versus '18. Now, it's understood that growth on top of growth, if you're dealing with at a minimum and equal amount, results in a lower percentage point. So get that. But our ability to grow our business what you're hearing from our guidance is we've got every bit of conviction as we enter '19 as we did in our ability to execute in 2018.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Got it. And in terms of the sighted versus the blinded patients that you've included in that guidance range, one would think that given you're just sort of in the early stages of approaching the sighted patients that that would potentially have a stronger uptake. How -- what can you say about that?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
You know, I think the way we've approached guidance is, we say the folks, this is in a level set way what we think we can accomplish, and in addition to that, you can be sure we'll always try to do better. And a couple the levers that we've talked about in the past are true in '19 as they've been true all the way along, from creating more awareness to getting more scripts reimbursed, to making sure that our specialty pharmacies work to help patients get treatment in a timely fashion. These things all hold true.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Got it. And how long does it take for sighted patients once they get the script all the way through that process when you either get them the drug or are they just decide to walk away? Is that a couple -- is it a few weeks or few months?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes. Esther, you remember -- we discussed this -- I remember you were asking the similar question last quarter, and I expressed how displeased we are and distraught of how long patients have to wait and go through appeals of improper denials before they get to drug. So what you're seeing is that a large number -- the majority of the sighted people who get a script from their doctor to start treating Non-24, they do not get the script filled for a long time, and in the hopes of the payers is never. So we want to work very hard to change that.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
So, this is not -- this is not a situation that essentially over the longer term can be rectified. It's basically just the course of business that you would have to work through the entire process and that lag will exist into perpetuity eventually.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, let's model this, what you just said. So if it is true what we're observing that after rounds of appeals and eventually administrative law judge hearings, patients eventually get the scripts, then it matter of time for most of them to get it. And if that is true, you take that periods of time that it takes to read an ALJ hearing and you will see that will take actually certain periods of that before we stabilize and have most of our patients on treatment. So the answer to the prior question to Jim about growth. not only we expect to see this steady add of new patients per month, same in '19 like '18 but, if some of our plans came to fruition, supporting patients through the payer hurdles, you have the potential to see an even bigger increase, but we cannot commit to any of that because we cannot control with the payers do.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Got it. And then moving onto to tradipitant, can you talk a little bit about the Phase III study in atopic dermatitis, what is that -- how long have patients have been dosed in that study?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
The study is a double-blind, eight-week randomized study.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Okay, Got it. And then lastly I might have misheard you on this, but for the motion sickness trial, are you targeting only those with sea sickness or including all types of motion sickness?
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, the patients come with a history of motion sickness in all types of travel, land, sea and air, but in our first model, we are developing a sea sickness model. So, people are actually get on an actual both, in this case, it is in the Pacific Ocean for a period of time in a specific route.
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Now let's take a vacation. Well, thank you for taking my question. I appreciate it.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Of course.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Derek Archila with Stifel. Your line is now open.
Derek Archila -- Stifel -- Analyst
Hi. Good afternoon, guys. Thanks for taking the question. Maybe just first Mihael or Jim, I guess in reviewing there is a lot of -- kind of issues for the sighted patients getting access to HETLIOZ. I mean, can you -- I guess, investors really want to know what are the definitive strategies that you're doing to better access for these patients? I guess, that's what I'm really like to better understand what you guys are doing and when that's starting to flow through and that going to be a '19 event or a '2020 events. I guess my second question would be on delayed sleep disorder. And it looks like you're focusing on a very narrow subset of patients, I guess. What's the rationale for that, is there any genetic rationale or HETLIOZ (inaudible) or why is that specific genetic mutation. And then lastly, I'll just remind me on Fanapt and some of these life-cycle managements being the long-acting injectable or even the bipolar. What is that new for the intellectual property for that asset? Thanks.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes, sure. I'll start from the top, what is Vanda doing to help patients access HETLIOZ once prescribed HETLIOZ for Non-24. So that includes actually both blind and sighted patients. Vanda all along has a third party that we contract with HETLIOZ solutions where there the first point of entry of scripts, they triage them, they do a benefits investigation and then hand it off to Vanda benefits. And Vanda benefits works with the patients to ensure that the adequate information is supplied to the insurance companies both on the initial request for approval, but also subsequent appeals.
So that's how the system is now. The Vanda benefits, as I've described before, is an internal project that began mid 2018 and then now it is becoming more mature. So we're hopeful that it can help patients access the drug and overcome more of the hurdles, but of course time will show.
Your second question is on the DSPD and why we chose the CRY1 exon 11 deletion mutant patients What is behind that is a key publication 2017 of (inaudible), senior author being Dr. Michael Young of Rockefeller University. Michael Young to remind our audience here was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine last year for circadian rhythm disorders. In that proceedings of National Academy of Sciences paper what he discovered is that some patients with delayed sleep phase disorder carried this deletion in exon 11 of CRY1, which is a core protein in regulations circadian rhythms, but what is very interesting around CRY1 exon 11 mutation is the frequency. And what I pointed out today is that the prevalence is estimated to be 0.8% of the population, which means these are over 2 million people in the US carrying this mutation. And while some of them may experience DSPD, which is an initiation of a sleep episode much later in the early morning hours, 2 o'clock, 3 o'clock in the morning, others may characterize themselves simply as night owls and fight through it. So they're not very good full population prevalent studies. All we know is that prevalence of the DSPD is higher in adolescent and young adults, and then becomes of lower prevalence over time.
So what we are doing in this program is actually something most probably unique in drug development. We begin by identifying patients with the DSPD identifying those that carry mutations in the CRY1 exon 11 and then we work backwards assembling pedigrees of their relatives and identify in which part of the pedigree did the mutation come down. You can imagine that this is a very powerful way of identifying (inaudible) who share the mutation, they share the phenotype, and this is all done in the context of an otherwise related genotype.
That cause for actually is pure as it can get studies of complex phenotypes is the DSPD. Of course, we're in the early phases. But we have begun indeed the collection of such pedigrees.
And the third part -- yes, was the lifecycle management of Fanapt. Now, of course, I cannot predict fully what the intellectual property is going to be because it has to be non-obvious in the first place, but we know that significant intellectual property is created around the long-acting injectable and for bipolar disorder, of course, hasn't started. We don't know what new maybe identified, but both of them will also be under the protection of the 6/10/2027 budget, and to remind our audience, we prevailed in the District Court with this patent and it was upheld by the Court of Appeals. And now the Generics company is petitioning the Supreme Court to hear the case.
Derek Archila -- Stifel -- Analyst
Got it, thanks. And then just a follow-up on my first question. So you talked about some of the initiatives you have kind of market access starting in mid-2018 and it's becoming more mature. I guess, how would you characterize access back then relative to now and I guess where do you see it going in the next 12 to 18 months? Thanks.
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Well, I cannot quantify before and after yet, but we believe that our concerted efforts will result in a higher percentage of patients eventually accessing treatment. But, of course, we're very aware of the macro environment of how the government thinks of benefit managers, and of course, the situation is very fluid. What role they are going to play, how this criteria, prior authorizations, (inaudible) et cetera will hold up in a new system. We know that the exposure of the improper rebates or rebates that don't really flows through to benefit patients exposes a system, which is now under scrutiny and question whether the -- this criteria that we're supposed to improve costs have actually done so. And we are very interested to see if the government will become interested whether these criteria indeed are appropriate or legal. So we're watching the situation very carefully.
Operator
And I show no --
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Okay, if there are no questions, thank you very much for joining us and we appreciate your support.
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your participation in today's conference. This concludes the program and you may now disconnect. Everyone have a great day.
Duration: 67 minutes
Call participants:
James Patrick Kelly -- Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Mihael Polymeropoulos -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Chris Howerton -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Joel Beatty -- Citi -- Analyst
Jason Butler -- JMP Securities -- Analyst
Pete George Stavropoulos -- Cantor Fitzgerald -- Analyst
Esther P. Rajavelu -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst
Derek Archila -- Stifel -- Analyst
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