6 personal loan types and when to use them

Learn about different types of personal loans, which lenders offer them, and which is best for you.

Author
By Jessica Walrack

Written by

Jessica Walrack

Writer

Jessica Walrack is a freelance finance writer and journalist with over a decade of experience. During that time, she’s written hundreds of articles about loans, insurance, banking, mortgages, credit cards, budgeting, and taxes for well-known publications including CBS News MoneyWatch, USA Today, US News and World, Investopedia, and The Balance Money.

Edited by Meredith Mangan

Written by

Meredith Mangan

Senior Editor

Meredith Mangan is a Senior Editor for Personal Finance, specializing in personal loans. Since 2011, she’s helped steer content creation in the areas of mortgages and loans, insurance, credit cards, and investing for major finance verticals, including Investopedia, Money Crashers, Credible, and The Balance Money.

Updated April 12, 2024, 5:46 PM EDT

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Personal loans may have flown under the radar for a number of years as a credit card alternative, but no longer. According to TransUnion data, 23.5 million consumers had at least one personal loan in the fourth quarter of 2023, with an average account balance at a record $8,704. If you’re new to personal loans or need a refresher, we’ll cover the various types available, how they work, and when they make sense.

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Good to know

A personal loan is a type of installment loan that you can use to cover most personal expenses — like a move, a vacation, a new water heater, or a surprise medical bill. You can also use a personal loan to consolidate debt, like credit card debt.

1. Unsecured personal loans

Best for: Good and excellent credit, debt consolidation, large and small purchases

Most of the personal loans on the market today are unsecured, which means lenders extend them without requiring that you pledge collateral, like a savings account or your car. Instead, approval is primarily based on your income, employment history, credit score, and credit history. This makes the application and approval process relatively quick — you could be approved and receive funds the same day you apply, with some lenders.

But what happens if you default?

Lenders can’t immediately force you to pay the outstanding balance on an unsecured loan. However, they can send your account to collections and report it to the consumer credit bureaus. Additionally, they can sue you to try to get a judgment against you. If successful, the court may grant them the right to seize your assets, such as garnishing your wages.

That said, as long as you keep up with all your payments, you won’t have to worry about any of that.

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Tip

Most personal loans have a fixed annual percentage rate (APR) that ranges between 7% and 36%, depending on your credit. Once approved, you’ll repay the amount, plus interest and fees, through fixed monthly payments over a set term, such as 2 to 7 years.

2. Secured personal loans

Best for: Borrowers with bad credit, fair credit, and no credit; lowering your interest rate

Secured loans are the opposite of unsecured loans. To get one, you need to pledge an asset as collateral, such as a savings account, certificate of deposit (CD), or your car.

You may want to go the secured loan route if you’re having trouble getting approved for an unsecured loan or if you want a lower rate. The collateral reduces the risk for the lender, which can help you get approved or qualify for a larger loan amount or lower interest rate. However, it’s important to understand that if your loan goes into default, the lender can seize and sell your collateral without taking you to court.

While less common than unsecured personal loans, these are offered by a few lenders. Upgrade and OneMain Financial, for example, offer auto-secured personal loans to select customers.

Secured personal loan lenders

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3. Debt consolidation loans

Best for: Paying off high-interest credit card debt and medical bills; lowering monthly payments, lowering interest rates

Debt consolidation loans are personal loans that borrowers use to pay off two or more other debts. For example, suppose you have a $500 medical bill, a $1,500 credit card bill, and a $1,000 credit card bill. If a lender approves you for a $3,000 personal loan, you could use it to pay off all three balances. These can be helpful if you want to streamline multiple debts and can qualify for an interest rate lower than what you’re currently paying.

You can also use a personal loan to pay off a single debt, like a credit card, in order to refinance it at a lower rate. Credit card refinancing with a personal loan has added benefits of locking in a fixed rate and avoiding compound interest.

Loans for debt consolidation and credit card refinancing

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4. Cosigned and joint loans

Best for: Partners applying for joint loan; applicants with fair or bad credit

When you apply for a personal loan, lenders assess factors like your credit, income, and employment history to determine if you qualify. If you’re having trouble getting approved or getting the rates you want, a cosigned loan or a joint loan with a co-borrower may be able to help.

  • Cosigned loan: A cosigned loan involves applying with another person (the cosigner) who shares responsibility for the loan, and agrees to pay it if you don’t. The cosigner doesn’t have access to loan funds, but the loan will go on their credit report, along with any late or missed payments on your part.
  • Joint loan: A joint loan involves two people applying for a loan together and taking equal responsibility for it. The co-borrower has equal access to loan funds, unlike a cosigner.

If you know someone who has good credit and is willing to apply with you, they may be able to help you land a better deal. While many lenders allow co-borrowers, not all offer personal loans with a cosigner.

Lenders offering personal loans with a cosigner

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5. Home improvement loans

Best for: Home improvements, home repairs, remodels, and some home purchases

Some lenders offer home improvement loans to fund home repairs, HVAC replacements, kitchen remodels, etc. These are unsecured personal loans that are meant to be used primarily or solely to fund home improvement projects.

What’s different about home improvement personal loans is that you can often find longer available loan terms and higher available loan amounts. For example, LightStream offers home improvement loans for amounts up to $100,000 with repayment terms up to 12 years, and Navy Federal offers home improvement loans for amounts up to $150,000 with repayment terms up to 15 years.

Using a personal loan to pay for home improvements can be an especially convenient option if you don’t have enough home equity to qualify for a home equity loan.

Lenders offering home improvement loans

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6. Bad-credit personal loans

Best for: Borrowers with FICO scores under 580

If you have bad credit, you’ll have the best chance of getting approved for a personal loan with lenders that specialize in bad-credit personal loans, such as OneMain, Upstart, and OppLoans. Such lenders look beyond your credit score to determine eligibility, but you should expect to pay a higher interest rate and up-front fees, like an origination fee.

According to Credible data, borrowers with FICO scores under 599 prequalified for APRs around 31%, on average, for a five-year personal loan. Applying for a secured personal loan or applying with a cosigner could help you get approved, and potentially lower your rate.

Personal loans for bad credit

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Important

Prequalify before you apply to check rate estimates and see which lenders are most likely to approve you. You generally need to provide some personal information, but it won’t hurt your credit. Be aware that formally applying could impact your score.

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Personal loan alternatives

Not sure if a personal loan is right for you? Here are three alternatives to consider:

  • Personal lines of credit: A personal line of credit is a credit line that you can use on an as-needed basis for a certain period, often 10 years. Once the draw period ends, lenders may require a balloon payment, offer a renewal, or allow you to split the balance up into payments. The perks here are that interest is only charged on amounts you’ve withdrawn, and payments are usually lower during the draw period.
  • Cash advance apps: Cash advance apps like Dave and EarnIn allow you to borrow small amounts of cash between paydays, often between $100 and $750. Fees vary depending on the app you use, where you’re sending the money, and how fast you need the advance. A unique advantage is that approval is based on your bank account activity rather than your credit, but instant delivery fees can be steep.
  • Credit card cash advances: Most credit cards allow you to withdraw a percentage of your credit line in cash from an ATM or make a deposit via check into your bank account. Cash advances can be convenient, but often have a higher APR than your card’s standard rate. Plus, interest is charged on the amount advanced immediately. They can get particularly expensive if you only make the card’s minimum required monthly payment.

Frequently asked questions

How do I get a personal loan?

Personal loans are available through many banks, credit unions, and alternative lenders. In most cases, you can apply online or over the phone. If you want to speed up the comparison shopping process, use a loan marketplace to compare lenders side by side and to prequalify with multiple lenders within minutes.

Can I refinance a personal loan?

Yes, it’s possible to refinance a personal loan. To do so, you’ll need to get approved for a new loan that’s equal to or greater than your current loan in order to pay it off. For a refinance to make sense, you’ll typically want a lower interest rate on the new loan. However, refinancing to a longer repayment term — even with a higher interest rate — could make sense if you need to lower your monthly payments.

Can you have more than one personal loan?

It’s possible to have more than one personal loan at a time. However, whether you can get approved or not will depend on factors like your credit, income, and debt-to-income ratio. Each lender you apply with will independently assess whether you qualify and what rate you qualify for. This is why it’s a good idea to prequalify with multiple lenders before applying.

Meet the contributor:
Jessica Walrack
Jessica Walrack

Jessica Walrack is a freelance finance writer and journalist with over a decade of experience. During that time, she’s written hundreds of articles about loans, insurance, banking, mortgages, credit cards, budgeting, and taxes for well-known publications including CBS News MoneyWatch, USA Today, US News and World, Investopedia, and The Balance Money.

Fox Money

Fox Money is a property of Credible Operations, Inc., which is majority-owned indirectly by Fox Corporation. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of Fox's Terms of Use and Updated Privacy Policy | Your Privacy Choices.

Fox Money is a property of Credible Operations, Inc., which is majority-owned indirectly by Fox Corporation. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of Fox's Terms of Use and Updated Privacy Policy | Your Privacy Choices.